Cooling
Cooling is the way around Liouville's Theorem. The beam is sampled, particles that deviate from the central momentum or betatron amplitude of the beam are selected, and their behaviour corrected. In the stochastic method, samples contain large numbers of particles and the process can only be statistical. This was applied in the Antiproton Accumulator ring at CERN that prepared bunches for the SPS collider. This chapter describes the details of this accumulator. Other methods of cooling have been invented. Electron cooling bathes the hadron beam in an intense co-linear electron beam. The speed of the electrons matches the hadrons while equipartition of energy reduces the hadron emittance at the expense of the electron beam. Yet another method uses lasers to stimulate certain energy levels in an ion beam to mould the bunch to be mono-chromatic. The Muon collider in Chapter 11 relies on ionisation energy loss to do much the same.
Keywords: stochastic, electron cooling, Antiproton Accumulator, ionisation energy loss
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