Conclusion
Citizenship, Multiculturalism, and Republicanism
Beginning with a discussion of the end of the “French exception” and the celebration of the bicentenary of the French Revolution, this conclusion looks at contemporary debates in France about the meaning of citizenship, the challenges posed to it by multiculturalism, and the continuing relevance or otherwise of republicanism as an ideology capable of shaping public policy. It looks in particular at debates about the merits of neo-liberalism and economic globalisation (focusing upon the writings of Pierre Bourdieu and his critics) and about the principle of laïcité as it applies to the State educational system. The conclusion closes with reference to the controversy associated with the wearing of the hijab and burqa in French society and asks whether a republican conception of citizenship capable of responding appropriately to such a situation.
Keywords: Citizenship, Multiculturalism, Republicanism, French exception, bicentenary of 1789, Pierre Bourdieu, laïcité, burqa
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