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Philosopher Kings$
Philosopher Kings: The Adjudication of Conflicting Human Rights and Social Values

George C. Christie

Print publication date: 2011

Print ISBN-13: 9780195341157

Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: May 2011

DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341157.001.0001

(p. 189 ) Index

Source:
Philosopher Kings?
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Abstract right, 15, 19. See also Rights
Ad hoc balancing, 54, 120, 121. See also Balancing
distinguished from definitional balancing, 110
use in constitutional adjudication, 110–11, 113–15
Adjudication
case-by-case. See Case-by-case adjudication
principle-driven theory of, 78
quasi-deductive model of, 84, 105
Administrative Procedure Act, 28n22
Affirmative action policies, 102
African Charters on Human and People’s Rights (1981), 19n11
Aikens, John et al., 139n29
Alenikoff, T. Alexander, 110n15, 113n27
Alter, Karen J., 3n1
American Bill of Rights of 1791, 17
Amos, Mary J, 146
Amos, Merris, 28n22
Anderson, Kent, 127n20
American Convention on Human Rights (1969), 19n11
Anti-paparazzi law, 156
Appellate courts, 7, 27, 28, 79n3, 80, 82, 84, 86, 127. See also Court(s)
limitations on the authority of, 23–24
Appropriations Act of 2006, 18
“Arbitrary or capricious” test, 28n22
Arai-Takahashi, Yutaka, 41n11
Ashworth, Andrew, 127n22
Auld, Lord Justice, 127-28n22
Austin, John, 6
Authority of courts, 123–24
over the members of a society, exercising, 124
Aviation Security Act of 2005, 171
Balancing, 105–16
ad hoc, 54, 110–11, 113–15, 120, 121
definitional. See Factor analysis
degree of precision in, 109
individual interests versus social interests, 109–10
moral rights against political rights, 168–73
the protection of private life against freedom of expression, 53–61
role in judicial decision making, 106, 108
Baran, Jan Bitold, 138-39n27
Barnett, Hilaire, 22n2, 28n22
Barreto, Judge Ireneu Cabral, 61
Basic Law (or Constitution) of the German Federal Republic, 171–72
Basic liberties, 99, 102
Bell, Bernard, 18n9
Bentham, Jeremy, 9
Brandeis, Justice Louis D., 135
Breach of confidence, 54–56, 68, 158
Breach of contract, 18–19
Breyer, Justice Stephen, 135
Brilmeier, Lea, 112n26
Buckley, William F., 125
Burri, Suzanne, xivn3
Buxton, Sir Richard, 7n15
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 19n12
Canadian Criminal Law, 31
Carswell, Lord, 8, 56-57
Carter, James C., 106
Case-by-case adjudication, 50, 67
ad hoc balancing, use of, 54, 110–11, 113–15, 120, 121
of contentious human rights controversies, 147–64
of contested human rights cases, 133
legal development by, 79–80
limitations of, 130
(p. 190 )
minimal goal for, in contentious cases, 110–11, 113–15, 119–28
optimal conditions for, 129–46
Children Act 2004, 30n29
Chilling effect, 113–14
Chrisafis, Angelique, 42n17
Christie, George C., 22n6, 77n1, 89n1, 90n4, 91n6, 101n28, 106n1, 112n21, 121n2, 123n7, 133n6
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 5, 129–30
Civil law, 21–24
right to privacy, 121
Civil law courts. See also Court(s)
and common law court, structural differences between, 21–22
finding of a specific fact, 23–24
limitations on the authority of, 23
trial by a judge, 22–23
Claim rights, 13–14. See also Rights
Clayton Act of 1914, 81
Clifford, Stephanie, 151n3
Colby, Thomas B., 86
Commercial law, practical motive of, 107
Common law
jurisdiction, 26
privilege, 25
prohibition against double jeopardy, 31–32
reasonableness in, 27–28, 29
right to privacy, 121
stare decisis, 132
statutes, 79
tolerance of jury nullification, 30–31
Common law courts. See also Court(s)
and civil law courts, structural differences between, 21–22
finding of a specific fact, 24
trial by a judge, 22–23
trial by jury, 22–23
Confidentiality, 65, 116
duty of, 55, 55n8, 66
Conflicting human rights, 83n13, 122 and passim
Convergence theory of truth, 6
Corbin, Arthur, 14
Corporate speech versus individual speech, 138–39n27
Court(s). See also House of Lords; Supreme Court of the United Kingdom; United States Supreme Court
civil law. See Civil law courts
common law. See Common law courts
dealing with human rights litigation, 18
decision over contentious questions, 7–8
to protect human rights, 4
role of, in controversial case, 122–23
Court decisions in controversial cases. See also Court(s)
degree of confidence, 123
logic of legal decision making, 122–23
sharply divided decisions, 8
Court of Appeal, 8, 24, 25, 31n34, 47, 54, 69n53, 93, 126, 168, 174
Criminal Justice Act of 2003, 31n34, 33n37
Croft, Jane, 69n54
Damaška, Mirjan, 21
D’Amato, Anthony, 121n3, 134n9
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 17
Defeasible rights, 29, 37–50, 122, 105. See also Rights
Defeis, Elizabeth F., xivn3
De Felipe, Miguel Beltrain, 171–72n8
Definitional balancing. See Factor analysis
Della Cananea, Giacinto, 32-33n36
Dembour, Marie Bénédicte, 39-40n6, 40n8
Democratic society, 20, 43, 44, 50, 59, 95, 119, 120, 122, 132, 140, 148, 173
modern, 96, 100, 103
role of government in, 21
secularism and, 45
De Santiago, Jose Maria Rodriguez, 171-72n8
Diana, Princess, 167n1
Difference principle, 98, 99, 102
Distributive justice, 99. See also Justice
Diversity jurisdiction, 84. See also Jurisdiction
Douglas, Justice William O., 72
Dunne, Finley Peter, 82n9
(p. 191 ) Dworkin, Ronald, 37n2, 77, 78, 80, 81, 86, 89–95, 121-22, 135, 168
Eady, Mr. Justice, 73n61
Edwards, John, 151
Electioneering communications, 136–37, 138
Election expenditures, prohibitions on, 139–40
Ely, John Hart, 112n26
Emotional harm, 147, 173–74
Emotional tranquility, 173
English Bill of Rights of 1689, 17
Entitlement, 13
Equality
fair equality of opportunity, 96–97, 98, 103
and veil of ignorance, 98–99
European Commission of Human Rights, 26, 27, 40, 49
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. See European Convention on Human Rights
European Convention on Human Rights, 17–18, 19, 22, 26, 28, 78, 132, 149
allowing retrial of a previously acquitted defendant after the prosecution, 31
discrimination, 46
prohibition of abuse of rights, 42
prohibition of punishment without law, 39
prohibition of slavery, 39
protection against “inhuman treatment or punishment,” 30, 38, 39, 52
protection of right to life, 39
right to an education, 45
right to freedom of speech or expression, 38, 41, 43, 49, 52–53, 54, 114, 169–71
right to privacy, 41, 45, 52–53, 169–71
right to respect for one’s private life, 43, 44, 46–50, 54
state to derogate freedom of expression, permitting, 39
European Court of Human Rights, 3, 41–44, 46, 48, 51–52, 54, 58–63, 121, 129, 132, 169–71. See also Court(s)
appeals of questions of fact, 24–27
judicial review, standard of, 28
margin of appreciation, 28–29
proportionality requirement, 28
view of protection of freedom of expression, 39
Factor analysis, 96–97, 102, 103, 105–16
distinguished from ad hoc balancing, 110
lexically prior to difference principle, 98, 99
role in judicial decision making, 105, 106–8, 112
Federal Election Law, 135–41
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 22–23
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 127n22
Findings of fact, appellate review of, 21–28
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
express language of, 141
freedom of expression, 38
Fitzsimons, Peter, 67n48
Fletcher, George, 27–28
Frank, Jerome, 126
Frazaneh, Kay von, 149n1
Freedom of speech or expression, 23, 167–72
about public officials or figures, protection of, 153–54
balancing the protection of private life against, 53–61
constitutional right of, 14–15
corporate speech versus individual speech, 138–39n27
dangerous tendencies of, 113–14
European Convention on Human Rights, 38, 41, 43, 52–53
First Amendment of the United States Constitution, 38
infringement of, 44
intentional use to inflict emotional harm, 173–74
legal sanction for publication of information, 160
moral dimension of, 172–73
political dimension of, 168
(p. 192 )
protection of, 43
and rights of privacy, conflict between equal values of, 167–71
scientific or educational, 160–61
suppression of, 148–50
Freeland, Sir John, 26
French Penal Code, 68n52
Gardbaum, Stephen, 9n20
German Code of Criminal Procedure, 31nn 31–32
Gény, François, 108
German Federal Constitutional Court, 171
German law
allowing retrial of a previously acquitted defendant after the prosecution, 31
allowing subsequent prosecution in a new proceeding, 31
Ghosh, Eric, 131n2
Goodhart, Arthur L., 24n11
Gray, John Chipman, 15
Greenawalt, 94n17
Griffiths, Lord, 55n8
Guaranteed-minimum-welfare capitalist regime, 99, 100–101
Guess, Raymond, 6n14
Gunther, Gerald, 126n18
Habermas, Jürgen, 6, 85
Hale, Lady, 22n3, 56-57, 151n2
Hand, Judge Learned, 126
Hans, Valerie P., 127n22
Hart, H.L.A., 77, 78, 80, 82–83
Hate speech, 174-75
Hobbes, Thomas, 15
Hoffman, Lord, 22, 56-57, 58n17, 151
Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb, 13–15, 18–20, 37, 38, 46, 47
Homosexuals, rights of, 16. See also Rights
Honan, William H., 162n32
Hope, Lord, 56-57
House of Lords, 3, 25, 47, 53–58, 168–69. See also Court(s)
appellate jurisdiction of, 3n1
decision-making processes of, 7–8, 8n18
finding of a specific fact, 24
law of privacy, creating, 116
reasonable foreseeability doctrine in economic loss cases, adopting, 92–93
Hruschka, Joachim, 16
Human dignity, 71, 81, 85, 89, 172
inviolability of, 37n2
Human rights, 8. See also Rights; Universal human rights
basic, 17, 167
historical development of, 16–20
Human Rights Act of 1998, 78n2
Hume, David, 124
Hutcheson, Joseph C., 85
Ideal audience, 85–87, 134, 148
prediction of the reaction of, 85–86, 85n19
Ideal society, structure of, 96
Ideal speech situation, 6n14
Individual speech versus corporate speech, 138–39n27
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1960), 19n11
International Convention on Torture, 171
International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 64
Joyce, James, 163
Juenger, Friedrich, 112n26
Judges
discretional authority of, 78, 89–90, 91, 121
philosopher-judge, 125
role of, 84–85, 108, and passim
Judicature Act of 1873, 23
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 8n18
Judicial construction of statute, 133
Judicial decision making
assumptions of, 77
epistemology of, 77–87
factor analysis, use of, 106
interest balancing, use of, 106
lay participation in, 126–27, 131
policy-based consequential reasoning, 78, 80–82, 91
(p. 193 )
predictive process, 82–84, 83n13, 132
quasi-deductive methods of, 84
role of judge in, 84–85, 108
steadying factors, 82
Judicial discretion, 78, 113
Judicial machinery of the state, 124
Judicial review, standard of, 28
Jurisdiction
appellate, 3n1
diversity, 84
Jury
nullification, 125–26, 126n16
trial by, 22–23
verdict, 29–30
Justice, 63, 95–96, 128
distributive, 99
personification of, 134
social, 53, 59, 73
Justice as fairness, 96–104
Keith, Lord, 55n8
Kelsen, Hans, 14n3, 124
Kennedy, Justice Anthony McLeod, 60n32, 133, 135, 137
Knight, C.J.S., 20n13
Lange, David L., 72n57, 141n37
Law. See also individual entries
based on experience, 5
content or meaning of, 79
impact on social change, 134–36
and morals, 124
questions of fact and, 23
of the singing reason, 108
Lawrence, D.H., 163
Lawyer/client relationship, 158
Lay participation, in judicial decision making, 126–27, 131. See also Judicial decision making
Legal argumentation, principle-based theory of, 89–95
Legal development, by case-by-case adjudication, 79–80
Legal positivism, 15
Legal realism, 108
Legal rights, 15. See also Rights
logical structures of, 19
Leftsas, George, 46n24
Lepsius, Oliver, 171-72n8
Lewis, Tom, 46n24
Llewellyn, Karl N., 79n3, 108–10, 124n12
Locke, John, 5, 124
Loucaides, Judge Loukis, 163-64n35
Margin of appreciation, 28–29, 40–41, 41n11, 46, 49, 50, 57, 73, 167, 169, 170–71
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 73n60
Main, Jackson T., 143n43
Maximin principle, 96–100, 103
Maxwell, Robert, 98
McClintock, Henry L., 22-23n6
Mead, George Herbert, 5, 85
Media
print, 139–40
as watchdog, 153
Miller, Henry, 163
Moore, Harry T., 163n33
Moyn, Samuel, 4n3
Murphy, Liam, 15n6
Nagel, Thomas, 15n6
Narcotics Anonymous, 67n50
Natural law, discovering the content of, 5–6
ne bis in idem provisions, 71
Nicholls, Lord, 54-57
Negligence, 23n10, 92, 93, 174
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act, 1990, 19n12
North Carolina General Statutes, 127n22, 144n45
Nozick, Robert, 97
Obama, President Barak, 145
O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day, 60n2, 121n2, 135
Oliphant, Herman, 108n8
Perelman, Chaïm & Olbrechts-Tyteca, L., 4–5, 85
Perron, Walter, 127n20
Phillips, Lord, 71n56
Philosopher-judge, 125. See also Judges
Philosophers’ briefs, filing of, 125
Physical injury to person or property, 147, 174–75
strict liability for, 92, 93–94
(p. 194 ) Pickard, Jim, 69n54
Policy and principle, distinction between, 94
Pound, Roscoe, 107n7, 110n14
Powell, H. Jefferson, 72n57, 84, 141n37
Powell, Justice Lewis F., 154n12
Pragmatism, 78
Precedent, 80, 122, 132–36
Predictivism, 82–84
Preliminary injunction pending trial against publication of information, 63–66, 68
Principle-driven theory of adjudication, 78, 89-95. See also Adjudication
Privacy, right to, 113, 167–72
cases, public interest defense in, 53–58
civil law, 121
common law, 121
European Convention on Human Rights, 52–53
individual, 68
legitimate expectation of, 61
moral dimension of, 168, 173
political dimension of, 168
reasonable expectation of, 61
and rights of freedom of expression, conflict between equal values of, 167–71
Private activities, in public space, 155–60
use of photographs, redressing, 156–60
Privileges
common law, 25
defined, 14
practical implications of, 14
Privy Council, 8n18
Property rights, 15–16. See also Rights
Proportionality, 28, 41n11, 45–46, 150
Protection against torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
European Convention on Human Rights, 38, 39
Publication of information
preliminary injunction pending trial against, 63–66, 68
Public interest, 56, 57, 61, 62, 66, 72, 116, 151–54, 157, 159, 161, 162
defense, in privacy cases, 53–58
Pure economic loss
reasonable foreseeability test for, 92
recovery of, 92–93
Puchta, Georg106
Quasi-deductive model, of adjudication, 84, 105. See also Adjudication
Rational discourse, 5
Rawls, John86, 89, 90, 96–103
Reasonable foreseeability test, 92
Reasonableness, 27–28, 29
Referral to the court, 77
Religious expression, 172
suppression of, 114–15
Resolution 1165 of the European Parliamentary Assembly, 53, 167n1
Responsible journalism, 140, 152, 153
Restatement (Second) of Conflicts, 112
Restatements of the Law of Torts, 55, 111-12,173–75
emotional harm, 173–74
physical harm, 174–75
strict liability for miscarriage of dangerous activities, 111–12
Rider, Barry A.K., 67n49
Rights, 13–20. See also Human rights; Universal human rights
abstract, 15, 19
categories of, 18–19
claim, 13–14
defeasible, 29, 37–50
of equal value, conflict of, 51–73 and passim
function in human rights litigation, 13, 16–20
function in legal discourse, 13–16
of homosexuals, 16
legal, 15
property, 15–16
of supposedly equal value, conflicts between, 113
as trumps, 37n2
to counsel, 124
to an education, 45
to do something. See Privileges
to freedom of speech or expression. See Freedom of speech or expression
to life, 39
to one’s bodily integrity, 15
to privacy. See Privacy, right to
to respect for private and family life, 43, 44, 46–50
(p. 195 )
welfare, 98
Right to respect for one’s private life, 54
balancing against freedom of expression, 53–61
Ross, Alf, 82, 83
Saint, Emma, 127n20
Schiffren, Seana Valentine, 102n31
School desegregation, 145
Searcy, Dianne, 151n3
Secularism, 45, 149
Serious publication, 151–53
Simpson, A.W. Brian, 39n6, 40n8
Smith, Adam, 6, 85
Smith, Peter J., 86
Society
basic structure of, 103
democratic. See Democratic society
social mores of, 125–26, 128
Souter, Justice David H., 60n2, 142n40
South Africa, constitution of, 19n12
Sovereignty, 20
Spatial isolation and privacy, 60, 61
Stanley, Paul, 65n45
Stare decisis, 132
State-action problem, 9
State responsibility, 51–52
for actions of private persons, 52–53
protection from “inhuman treatment or punishment,” 52
Stevens, Justice John Paul, 7, 132n3, 137, 138–39n27
Stone, Julius, 121nn2 and 4
Strict liability
for miscarriage of dangerous activities, 111–12
for physical injuries, 92
Summers, Robert S., 83
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. See also Court(s)
decision of contentious questions, 7
Swiss Civil Code, 84n15
Thaman, Stephen C., 127n21
Thomas, Justice Clarence, 137
Tort law, 91, 147
Trespass, constructive, 156
Trial by a judge, 21–28
criteria for review of trial court findings of fact, 22–23
finding of specific facts, 23–24
Trial by jury, 22–23, 38
Trial courts, traditional deference to the decisions of, 22–23, 24
Truth, convergence theory of, 6
Tulkens, Judge Françoise, 44, 45n22
United States Supreme Court. See also Court(s)
decision-making processes of, 7
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 17
Universal discourse, 5
Universal human rights, 5, 17. See also Human rights; Rights
structural impediments to consistent application of, 21–33
Universal values
human characteristic of appealing to, 4–5, 86
Veil of ignorance, 98–99
Vidmar, Neil, 127n22
Violence
immediate or imminent, 148, 149
threat of social, 150
von Jhering, Rudolf, 107
von Savigny, Friedrich Carl, 106
von Puffendorf, Samuel, 6
Watkins, Floyd C., 163n34
Welfare rights, 98. See also Rights
Williams, Andrew, xivn3
Williams, Bernard, 85
Wolfe, Thomas, 163
Wood, Gordon S., 143n42
Zupaňcňc, Judge Boštjan, 61