This chapter addresses the questions: how can modern pluralistic societies solve the problem of radical evil? How can a respectful pluralistic society shore up the fragile human basis of toleration, especially in a world in which we need to cultivate toleration not only within each state, in an era of increasing diversity, but also among peoples and states, in this interlocking world? The chapter argues that part of the solution can be found in Kant's idea of the protection of a vigorous critical culture, together with the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly. The problem cannot be resolved without considering how a liberal state — without becoming an illiberal Rousseauian state — can cultivate emotions that support equal respect and a toleration that is more than grudging obedience to law.
Keywords: toleration, religion, democracy, radical evil, respect, Locke, Kant, Rosseau