Abstract: This chapter examines the problems of the Indifferents-Only model. This model was replaced by a Naturalness-Only model, while the Salva Virtute model was replaced by the No Shoving model. The two new models are deliberately equivalent — yielding the same principles in the same circumstances — as a result of the bridging principles between acting contrary to what is just, and acting contrary to nature. Both have integral roles of considerations of what is just, arising from the welfare, advantages, and property rights for other agents, and the needs of the agent’s country or human community. The role of virtue in deliberation is discussed.

Keywords: befitting, action, virtue, deliberation, Salva Virtute model, Indifferents-Only model, Naturalness-Only model, No Shoving model, Stoics, philosophy,