Abstract: This chapter considers anti-reductionist theories and argues that each of those also fails. Anti-reductionists — who maintain that there are semantic facts over and above the causal, physical, and functional facts — seem equally unable to determine uniquely that I mean chicken pox rather than schicken pox by ‘chicken pox’. The problems that beset reductionists and anti-reductionists are different, but yield the same, unfortunate result.

Keywords: Kripke, anti-reductionist, capacities, intentions, norms, internal relations,