Abstract: This chapter considers more sophisticated reductionist responses to the sceptical argument — that is those which seek to find the fact that constitutes someone's meaning something by a word among the causal, physical, or functional facts. It considers a wide variety of the most compelling reductive theories that have been presented in response to Kripke's scepticism, and argues that each of these fails.

Keywords: Kripke, reductive theory, sceptical argument, dispositionalist theory, success semantics, teleosemantics, Fodor,