Abstract: If a wrongdoer does not make reparation, a victim has the right to take reparation from him (of more value than the original loss), which will constitute punishment. Explicitly or implicitly, however, people may hand over their right to punish to the state. Neither the victim nor the state has any obligation to punish, but there are normally good utilitarian reasons for punishing— prevention, deterrence, and reform.

Keywords: deterrence, Kant, Locke, prevention, punishment, reform, victim,