Abstract: Causality does not just tell us what to expect as passive observers, but what to expect when we take action, when we act as agents and intervene on the world. Causality concerns the effects of the actions we take. It also concerns the effects that actions that we do not actually take would have were we to take them. Causality at the most fundamental level concerns action. This chapter provides a means to represent action in the formalism.

Keywords: representation, causality, intervention, formalism,