Directed graphs and equations are useful devices for representing causal relationships. We may distinguish among a number of different causal concepts–direct causes, total causes, contributing causes, actual causation and each of them may be given (interestingly different characterizations) in manipulationist terms. In addition, such an account clarifies the relationship between causation and probabilities.
Keywords: directed graphs,, equations,, direct cause,, contributing cause,, total cause,, actual cause,, probability,