Abstract: Interpretations of standard first-order logic fail as vehicles for paraphrase of important segments of discourse involving tenses, modalities, and the like. This paper considers substitutional quantification, which severs the connection between quantifiers and ontological commitment, as a way of increasing the range of translatability into and out of an interpretation of standard first-order logic.

Keywords: first-order logic, ontological commitment, possible-world semantics, substitutional quantification,