History, Western

This book is a full-length biography in English of Giovanni Battista Viotti (1755–1824), one of the great violinist-composers in the history of music, and arguably the most influential violinist who ever lived. He rose from humble origins as a blacksmith's son in a village near Turin, Italy, and early studies with Gaetano Pugnani, to a triumphant international career, particularly in Paris and London. His multifarious career as concert performer, composer, teacher, opera theater director, and impresario was played out against the backdrop of a dramatically changing world: from the ancien régime patronage of an Italian prince and the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette, to the commercial and box-office–centered institutions of the early 19th century. Viotti's life was intensely dramatic. He knew tragedy as well as success: he was forced to flee the French Revolution, he was exiled from England for an extended period, his attempt to establish himself in business met with failure, and he died heavily in debt. His correspondence with an English family, the Chinnerys, with whom he was intimately associated for the last half of his life, provides an unusually revealing glimpse into his personal life. Viotti's biography is not without its mysteries, among which is his renunciation, twice in his life, of public performance. This study is based on extensive documentary research, much of it here revealed for the first time. Viotti's works are considered in the context of his life. Eleven appendices include translations of various Viotti-related archival documents, and additional information on Viotti's siblings, his places of residence, his violins, his unfinished violin method, and financial matters.

The female singers who graced the nineteenth-century operatic stage were among the most celebrated women of their era, but they were also among the most transgressive. This book explores the means by which this preeminence was negotiated, traversing the musical, the dramatic, and the visual, while addressing more recognizably modern concerns, such as career management, literary representation, and image manipulation. A key theme is the emergence of the diva archetype over the course of the century—a new ideological discourse through which the extremes of operatic female vocality were reinterpreted. Chapters approach the prima donna from the perspectives of cultural history, musicology, gender/sexuality studies, theater and literature studies, and critical theory.

In this book, biographical chapters alternate with commentary on the works of Bach, to demonstrate how the circumstances of Bach's life helped to shape the music he wrote during various periods. The book follows Bach as he travels from Arnstadt and Muhlhausen to Weimar, Cothen, and finally Leipzig. These journeys alternating with insightful discussions of the great composer's organ and orchestral compositions. As well as presenting a rounded picture of Bach, his music, and his posthumous reputation and influence, this book considers the sometimes controversial topics of “parody” and arrangement, number symbolism, and the style and meaning of Bach's late works. Recent theories on the constitution of Bach's performing forces at Leipzig are also present. The text and the appendixes (which include a chronology, personalia, bibliography, and a complete catalogue of Bach's works) are revised in this edition to take account of more recent research undertaken by Bach scholars, including the gold mine of new information uncovered in the former USSR.

This is a book-length study of the Orgelbüchlein, the masterly collection of organ chorales by Johann Sebastian Bach. This “Little Organ Book” is regarded by Bach scholars as one of the composer's most important achievements and by organ scholars as a milestone in the development of the chorale. The book examines the collection from a range of historical and analytical perspectives in a way that resonates. The book begins with a discussion of Bach's reasons for compiling the collection and his original plans to create a comprehensive set of 164 chorales. The book then examines the composer's compositional process in the collection and considers the music in its historical context with attention to each of the three types of chorale: the melody chorale, the ornamental chorale, and the chorale canon. The book goes on to look at each of the forty-six individual compositions, illuminating the structure of each and tracing the evolution through the set of Bach's concept of chorale. The book concludes with a discussion of the Orgelbüchlein's reception from the 18th century to the present. The appendix includes a complete score of the chorale “Ich ruf zu dir” as arranged by C. P. E. Bach and a list of published transcriptions of the chorales for other instruments.

The structural and stylistic features of Johann Sebastian Bach's sonatas and partitas for solo violin, and the history of these works, are the focus of this book. Historical topics include Bach as a violinist, the autograph score of the work, the published editions, and the history of performance traditions. Eighteenth-century notions of thoroughbass, harmony, keys, counterpoint, cadences, and rhetoric are the basis of Bach's music, from point-to-point musical continuity to the shape of the construction of movements. A general principle underlying all Bach's music is the heightening of activity as musical materials succeed one another and return in more elaborate guises. The solo-violin works are related to Bach's compositions in other genres and differentiated from music by later composers. This leads to thoughts on performing these works so as to bring to life these 18th-century features, while making the music alive in our own time.

When Béla Bartók died in September of 1945, he left a partially completed viola concerto commissioned by the violist William Primrose. While no definitive version of the work exists, this concerto has become arguably the most-performed viola concerto in the world. After Bartók's death, his family asked the composer's friend, Tibor Serly, to look over the sketches of the concerto and to prepare it for publication. While a draft was ready, it took Serly years to assemble the sketches into a complete piece. In 1949, Primrose finally unveiled it at a premiere performance with the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. For almost half a century, the Serly version enjoyed great popularity among the viola community, even while it faced charges of inauthenticity. In the 1990s, several revisions appeared and, in 1995, the composer's son, Peter Bartók, released a revision and a facsimile of the original manuscript, opening the way for an intensified debate on the authenticity of the multiple versions. This debate continues as violists and Bartók scholars seek the definitive version of this final work of Hungary's greatest composer. This book tells the story of the genesis and completion of the work (including detailed analysis of its musical elements), from its commissioning by Primrose to its first performance, its reception over the second half of the 20th century, its revisions, and future possibilities.

Woven into history and opera, the story of Russia’s “women’s kingdom” and a nationalist male narrative dialogued across two centuries. Russian eighteenth century female tsars endorsed opera; Catherine II penned half a dozen libretti and oversaw their production. Sharing an arena of performativity with imperial genres—coronations, princely weddings, parades, masquerades—eighteenth-century Russian opera reveals striking reciprocity between state and stage. Operatic choruses praised the empresses as Olympic gods, heroes, or idyllic heroines; Eastern armies on the stage submitted to Russia’s rule, weddings signified the blessed union between the folk and a tsarina. Folk songs, weddings, heroic ventures, and monumental choral “Slavas” became major elements of Russian nationalist opera. Appropriating and significantly expanding existing conventions, yet discrediting the preceding “female” age, the Russian nineteenth century engaged in the rapid, zealous, militant restoration of patriarchy in the name of nationalism. As real female monarchs disappeared from Russia’s political stage, a number of magical tsarinas materialized in Russian operatic tales. In their enchanting gardens (Pushkin and Glinka’s Ruslan and Liudmila), in their aquatic kingdoms (Pushkin and Dargomyzhsky’s Rusalka, Rimsky-Korsakov’s Sadko and Mlada), in splendorous imperial balls (Tchaikovsky’s The Queen of Spades, The Slippers, Rimsky-Korsakov’s Christmas Eve), entrancing female monarchs or princesses tried to allure or trap Russian heroes. Champions’ victories over magical female forces were celebrated as a triumph of the nation; their defeats led to the destruction of the folk or at least their disappearance from the operatic stage.

A pioneer of musical modernism, Igor Stravinsky marked a significant turn in compositional method. He broke free from traditional styles and contemporary trends in the early part of the 20th century to achieve an entirely new and truly modern aesthetic. Striking a remarkable concurrence of stasis and discontinuity, Stravinsky crafted large-scale compositions out of short repeating melodies, juxtaposed these primary motives with contrasting and varying fragments, and layered on fixed ostinati which repeated at their own rates throughout the piece. Previous scholarship on Stravinsky focuses on the disparate and independent nature of such textures, conceiving them as separated and deadlocked, unable to escape their repetitions, and having no goal. This connects Stravinsky's procedures with the more radical music of subsequent composers for whom disconnection has served as a primary aesthetic. Yet, from the perspective of his later works, the static and discontinuous depictions of Stravinsky's music seem incomplete and perhaps even simplistic. The “building blocks” of his novel textures often consist of tunes with identifiable intervallic shapes, goal pitches, and defining durational patterns—organizations that engender continuity and connection. This book provides a fuller perspective, and offers a fresh approach to this music and the theoretical constructs behind it. The book portrays the whole of Stravinsky's repertoire as radical or modern not because it eschews continuity and connection, but because it places them in relation to their opposites: the music holds our interest because undeniable references toward continuity are dynamically coordinated (rather than subsumed) with stasis and discontinuity. From this vantage point, Stravinsky's music becomes a commentary on the nature of time: the music draws into relation the tension between time as it is punctuated by fixed reference and as it flows from one event to another. It is quintessentially modern because of its inherent emphasis on multiple vantage points.

Camille Saint–Saëns is a memorable figure not only for his successes as a composer of choral and orchestral works, and the eternally popular opera Samson et Dalila, but also because he was a keen observer of the musical culture in which he lived. A composer of vast intelligence and erudition, Saint–Saëns was at the same time one of the foremost writers on music in his day. From Wagner, Liszt and Debussy to Milhaud and Stravinsky, Saint–Saëns was at the center of the elite musical and cultural fin de siecle and early 20th Century world. He championed Schumann and Wagner in France at a period when these composers were regarded as dangerous subversives whose music should be kept well away from the impressionable student. Yet Saint–Saëns himself had no aspirations to being a revolutionary, and his appreciation of Wagner the composer was tempered by his reservations over Wagner the philosopher and dramatist. Whether defending Meyerbeer against charges of facility or Berlioz against those who questioned his harmonic grasp, Saint–Saëns was always his own man: in both cases, he claimed, it was “not the absence of faults but the presence of virtues” that distinguishes the good composer. Saint–Saëns’ writings provide a well-argued counter-discourse to the strong modernist music critics who rallied around Debussy and Ravel during the fin de siecle. And above all, they demonstrate a brilliantly sharp and active brain, expressing itself through prose of a Classical purity and balance, enlivened throughout with flashes of wit and, at times, of sheer malice.